OBD2 Diagnostic Tools

Cummins Inline 5 data link clone worth buying?

29 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #Cummins Insite

Can I buy a Cummins Inline 5 data link adapter from Chinese? Any reliable site to have it?

Yep. Look here – it’s for those who are looking for a Cummins Inline 5 China clone.

Anyone has a good experience of Chinese inline 5? working or not?

Chinese inline 5 adapter is working well for diesel truck
Compatible with both XP and win7
Needs active
Can update, so far the SW is 7.6.2.

I’m wondering if anyone has brought a Chinese inline 5 adapter and if it actually works.

Yes. i bought one about 2 years ago and have no problems…it cost 300 bucks Canadian….hope ya have better luck

What’s the difference of Inline 5 the original and the China clone?

I bought a Chinese Cummins Inline 5 very similar to original, tried both on 12V with cummins insite 7.5 and service maxx v41. Picture original versus clone (original have protective lack paint and stamp on both side)

Original

Clone

Original

Clone

http://blog.obdii365.com/2018/03/29/cummins-inline-5-clone-works-where-to/

Repost0

Toyota TIS Techstream No customize setting button solution

28 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #mini vci

Some users report Toyota TIS Techstream doesn't have a Customize Button problem recently:

User 1:
Brand new 2017 Toyota 4Runner Limited

Downloaded Techstream 12.00.127 and installed
Purchased this Mini VCI Cable at $16.

Drivers installed, I can see the cable, I can connect to the car when its in "ON" mode (two button presses without touching the break) but the customize button is not there.

The cable firmware is 1.4.1

Any ideas? What am I doing wrong?

User 2:
I'm in the same boat. Mini VCI with firmware 1.4.1, and Techstream 12.20.024. I can connect to the car, and see all the TPMS data, but there's no blue Utility button to enter new TPMS IDs.

User 3:
I loaded Techstream 12.00.127 and USB drivers, and I can read ECU's all day, but I can't edit the settings/not able to customize. In pictures and videos I watched there is a customize button, but that area is blank on mine. Any help is appreciated.

I turn the ignition ON (engine off) and when I connect it doesn't auto-detect the truck, but I can select 2017/Tacoma/Engine type/Smart Key so the version seems OK, and it does read the ECU data.

Manually entering data

Selecting the ECU I want to edit - shouldn't there be a customize button in the red markup circles?

Customer Solution:
Success!

I tried v12.10.019 and it worked!

The missing "Utility" and "Customize" buttons were there, and I was able to register the IDs for the TPMS sensors for my winter tires. I could see the new IDs, and it was picking up the pressure and temperature from them, so that all seemed to work. I also browsed through the Customize options.

Just in case it makes a difference to someone: after I uninstalled v12.20.024, I also deleted the Techstream directory in Program Files. The procedure to install v12.10.019 was identical to v12.20.024.

Some more details:
- Crappy old laptop running Windows XP 32-bit
- Mini VCI J2534 USB interface with firmware 1.4.1
- The laptop didn't have an internet connection when connected to the 2017 4Runner

Conclusion:
It is software (software crack) issue not the hardware.

If you find your Teschtream don't have "Customize Setting" button and not able to customize, try a few older version V12.00.127, V12.10.019, v11.20.019 or older v10.30.029 etc.

All can be downloaded here for free:
http://blog.obdii365.com/2016/10/13/toyota-techstream-v11-20-019-free-activation/

Some need registration key, some does not.

http://blog.obdii365.com/2018/03/28/toyota-techstream-not-able-to-customize-settings-solution/

VXDIAG VCX NANO GM GDS2 Tech2Win Mega Download

27 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #gm gds2

Where to download GDS2 software for VXDiag VCA NANO GM?

GDS2 VM for VXDiag- https://mega.nz/#F!FBMgQSRK!0Ys_KpeooTLqRFTN-IUn7A

Tech2Win16.02.24 for VXDIAG-

https://mega.nz/#!tIFWUIxT!XBAFZWEFPhQ3A9MtyPYfT1wojVgB1sEmt2T62nrmQcM

What is GM GDS2?

The GM Global Diagnostic System 2 (GDS2), a PC-based software application, is designed to diagnose and repair on-board automotive electronic systems. The software application is used with a personal computer and a GM MDI (or J2534-2 equivalent).

What can you do with GDS2?

* able to read codes, code status, Freeze Frame data and Clear Codes.

* able to read VIN, ECU part numbers and software numbers.

* able to record, store and replay Stored data.

* able to control and monitor Output Control functions.

* able to configure and Reset functions.

* able to record or display history of the previous vehicle diagnostic sessions.

Which hardware can be used with GDS2 software?

Vxdiag Vcx Nano for GM USB/WiFi interface is verified no issues to work with GDS2

What GM cars supported by GDS2?

Opel/Vauxhall (-2016)

Cadillac (-2017)

Chevrolet (-2017)

GMC (-2017)

Ravon (-2017)

Alpheon (-2017)

Buick (-2017)

Holden (-2017)

Daewoo

Saab (2010, 2011, 2012)

GM GDS2 Car List: Opel, Vauxhall, Saab, GM Global/China

GDS2 Saab car list:

GDS2 Opel, Vauxhall car list:

GDS2 GM Global car list:

GDS2 GM China car list:

Note: Click to enlarge car list images.

http://blog.obdii365.com/2018/03/27/vxdiag-vcx-nano-gm-gds2-download-free/

How to install Cummins Insite 7.6.2 on Virtual Machine

25 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #cummins inline 6

This is a how-to’s of Cummins 7.62 Inline Reader 5 or 6 installation on virtual machine.

If I buy an Inline 5 or 6 adaptor kit, is the insight software is on this CD as well?

The CD with software it’s usually included, and shipped together with a Cummins Inline Reader 5 or 6 data link adapter. Look here:

INLINE 5 Insite 7.62
INLINE 6 Insite 7.62

Which Windows version should I use with a virtual machine?

You can always use a virtual machine to run any version of windows you may need. But I think I heard guys running INSITE 7.6 on windows 10.

How to setup and install Insite 7.6.2 on Windows vitual machine?

Your Virtual Machine is also known as Compatibility mode in Windows. Before you click on the Install .exe for your program, simply right click the Icon, go to properties, then compatibility and click on run this in compatibility mode and select the operating system you want to run it under.

Cummins Insite 7.6.2 like windows XP or 7 but this will not guarantee it will work I’ve had issues with Ca1t3rm not responding to this at all. So the best bet is what experienced users suggested and buying a windows xp or windows 7 (32 bit) machine and dedicating to truck diagnostics only. NOTHING ELSE. It is now a tool that belongs to your truck. If you don’t treat it that way you run the risk of corrupting programs, files, virus’s, Malware, anything and everything that the wild world web will throw at it. You can also install OEM diagnostic programs for Volvo, International, ABS etc… on this machine. I haven’t found an OEM program that Windows 7 (32 bit) won’t run

You can easily build and have built for you really strong machines being these older windows platforms are cheap. I recommend a Panasonic Toughbook just for the durability of taking a beating and it’s handy dandy carrying handle (it makes me feel professional when I’m all covered in dirt in my 3 piece overalls)

The last – another important note you’d better read:

The site http://blog.obdii365.com/2018/03/08/why-buy-cummins-insite-7-62-instead-of-insite-8-xx/talking about Why did I buy Cummins Insite 7.62 instead of Insite 8.xx?

Hope this helps you all.

http://blog.obdii365.com/2018/03/25/install-cummins-inline-6-insite-7-62-on-virtual-machine/

Launch X431 V Correct Porsche Cayenne 13 Driver-side Seat

22 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #Launch X431

Here's useful training solutions /instructions about how to perform well correcting Driver-side Seat on a Porsche Cayenne year 2013 using LAUNCH X431 V 8 inch/Launch X431 V/V+ diagnostic tools.

Procedure:

Select Porsche V21.80

Select Manually Select

Select Cayenne (as of 2011)

Select System Selection

Select Driver-side seat memory

Select Special Function

Select Normalize seat motors

Accept warning messages

Denormalized has been completed successfully

Normalization has been completed successfully

It taks about 100s to run the process

Process completed.

http://www.obdii365.com/

Handy Baby JMD Assistant ID48 Cloning FAQs

22 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #car key programmer

FAQs:

I purchased the jmd assistant with the handy baby key cloner.

after some playing about with the cloner/software i did manage to get the point of collecting data through the handy baby
(MORE FUN/96BIT 48 COPY)

went to car followed on screen instructions (sniff data to handy baby)

sent info to pc software but then i get a purchase tokens screen ?
i thought id read somewhere that if you have the jmd assistant then no tokens are needed? am i doing something wrong ?

so my questions are
are id48's only clonable on line with the pc software and with the purchase of tokens?
if so where do i purchase the tokens from ?

the jmd assistant is just for vw's ?
collecting data from the car? then go through the pc sotware with tokens etc ????

i can't seem to get my head around the cloning of 48's at the min ?

Answers:

If you have JMD assistant only the registration is free but if you want copy id48 96bit then need token for example from here: http://www.obdii365.com/wholesale/tokens-for-handy-baby-96bit-id48-chip-copy.html

GOLF7 and other new cars after 2016 using id48 96bit .

JMD assistant stand alone allows you to clone 40 and 80 bit id 48 keys , the online server and tokens are for models using 96 bit id48.

vw assistant doesn't need online for its coverage list , its coverage list will be on the sheet of paper in the vw assistant box , these you can do with just the handy baby and vw assistant .

VW assistant Coverage for cloning with handy baby
Brand Model system years
Skoda Octavia CDC32+24c32 2007-2009
Skoda fabia scout CDC32+24c32 2007 to 2009
Skoda Octavia NEC+24c32/64 2009-2015
Skoda fabia scout NEC+24c32/64 2009-2015
Skoda superb NEC+24c32/64 2009-2015
Skoda rapid NEC35xx 2014
VW bora NEC+24c32/64 2009-2015
VW bora NEC+95320 2013
VW bora NEC35xx 2014
VW caddy NEC+24c32/64 2009-2015
VW EOS NEC+24c32/64 2009 on
VW Golf mk6 MC9S12-im80f 2009-2014
VW Golf mk6 NEC24c32/64 2011-2014
VW Golf mk6 NEC+9s320 2009 on
VW jetta NEC+24c32 2010-2015
VW jetta NEC+9s320 2013
VW jetta nec3sxx 2014-2015
VW Lavida 1.8T NEC+24c32/64 2011-2015
VW Lavida NEC3sxx 2014-2015
VW Polo NEC+24c32 2009-2015
VW Polo NEC+9s320 2013-2015
VW polo NEC3sxx 2014-2015
VW Passat NEC+24c32/64 2011-2015
VW R36 NEC+24c32/64 2010 on
VW sagitar CDC+24c32 2007-2010
VW sagitar NEC+24c32/64 2010-2014
VW Tiguan MM9s12 1m80f
VW Tiguan NEC+24c32/64 to 2012
VW Tiguan NEC+9s320 2009-2014
VW Touran CDC+24c32 2009-2014
VW Touran NEC+24c32/64 2011-2015
VW Santana NEC3sxx 2013-2015
VW gran lavida nec3sxx 2014-2015
Audi A1 up to 2013
Audi A3 up to 2013
Audi TT up to 2014
Audi Q3 up to 2013
Audi A6 2006-2012
Audi A4L 2009-2014
Audi Q5 2009-2014
Audi A5 2009-2014
Audi A6L 2012-2015 smart
Audi A7 2012-2015 smart
Audi A8 2012-2015 smart
Seat Ibiza NEC+24c32/64 2009 on
Seat leon NEC+24c32/64 2009 on

Models that can be covered all keys lost
VW Bora NEC+9s320 2013
VW Golf Mk6 MC9s12-1m80f 2009-2014
VW golf mk6 NEC+9s320 2009 on
VW jetta NEC+9s320 2013
VW Polo NEC+9s320 2013-2015
VW Tiguan magneti dash
VW Tiguan NEC+9s320 2009-2014

Autel MaxiTPMS TS408 TS508 TS608 TS601 MS906TS Comparison

15 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #autel maxitpms

Autel MaxiTPMS diagnostic and service tools table comparison, including Autel TS408,TS508,TS608, TS401,TS501,TS601, TPMS PAD and MaxiSys MS906TS.

CGDI MB Software V2.5.0.0 Free Download (2018-03-13)

14 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #CGDI Prog

CGDI Prog MB Mercedes Benz key programmer software released to newest V2.5.0.0 on 13th, Mar. 2018.

CGDI MB 2.5.0.0 Update (2018-03-13):

1. Add ELV repair function, including: enable ELV, virgin ELV (repair damage ELV chip)
2. Add the function of BE key to save file directly
3. Add W205, W218,W166 FBS4 EIS type detection
4. Add save EIS data format flags.
5. Fixed the problem of part of the ECU,TCU,ISM/DSM/ESM cannot erase
6.Fixed the problem of computer data storage restriction
7.Fixed the problem of part of W209, W211 EIS cannot all-lost collection
8. Fixed the problem of the EIS file error caused the data can not upload calculation on EE

Free Download CGDI MB V2.5.0.0 software

https://mega.nz/#!QUxmDIwT!7rD91e86DRCaI-IYQBippG17Sv0O1OmLSoIQh2532mU

How to Update Autel MaxiDiag MD808 Pro Scan Tool

13 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #autel maxidiag md808 pro

How To Register Autel MaxiDiag MD808/MD808 Pro?

User would update the scan tool ONLY after you had registered the tool on our website: www.autel.com. Then you could download software, update online, retrieve information and get warranty service.

Note: Prior to registration, please confirm your network is working properly.

1. Visit the website http://pro.autel.com.
2. If you already have an Autel account, Sign In with your account ID and password.
3. If you are a new member to Autel, click on the Create Autel ID button on the left side to create an ID.
4. Enter the required information in the input fields, and click the Get Verification Code button to get a verification code for email validation.
5. The online system will automatically send a verification code to the registered email address. Input the code in the Verification Code field and complete other required fields. Read through Autel’s Terms and Conditions and click on Agree, and then click Create Autel ID at the bottom. A product registration screen will display.
6. The device’s serial number and password is located in the About section of the System Setup application on the tool.
7. Select your product model, enter the product serial number and password on the Product Registration screen, and click Submit to complete the registration procedure.

How to Update Autel MaxiDiag MD808/MD808 Pro?

Autel frequently releases software updates that you can download. The Update feature makes it very easy to determine and get exactly what you need.

There are two ways to update your tool.
1. Remove the Micro SD card from the device and connect it with a Windows-based computer for updating.
2. Connect your tool with a Windows-based computer using the supplied USB cable and select Update on the Main Menu to enter Update Mode.

The update procedures for the above two update methods are the same. Follow the update procedure to finish updating.

1. Download the Maxi PC Suite from www.autel.com and install on your Windows-based PC.
2. Run the Maxi PC Suite. Wait for the Log In window to pop up.
autel-md808-pro-update-1
3. Enter your Autel ID and password and wait for the Update window to display. If you forget your password, you may click the [Forget Password?] to link to our website and find your password back. Or you may click Sign up to create an Autel ID to continue.
4. Select the product type and serial number, click OK to continue.
5. In the Update window, select the items you want to install. Usually, you should install all available updates.
autel-md808-pro-update-2
Generally, there are two ways to update programs:

Batch Update
1. Select the programs that you would update by clicking on the check boxes next to those items. Then click the Update All button on the right bottom of screen. Click the Clear All button will reselect the items you want to update.
2. Or, click on the Select All checkbox on the left bottom of screen and all updatable items will be selected automatically. Then click the Update All button on the right side of screen.
3. When the downloading is completed, the downloaded programs will be installed automatically. The new version will replace the old version.

Single Update
1. Find out the desired updating item and click the Update button in the same line.
2. When the downloading is completed, the downloaded program will be installed automatically. The new version will replace the old version.

http://www.obdii365.com/service/how-to-register-and-update-autel-maxidiag-md808-pro-scanner-99079.html

Is GM MDI clone possible with Ford IDS software?

12 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #gm mdi

Is clone GM MDI interface possible to work with Ford IDS without limitations?Also is there anyway to convert MDI to a VCM II by flashing it? They seem to be very similar. But how to?

Look here and know how mates experienced talk about it…some say yes, some no, some possible…

Reply 1: As i know, GM MDI and Ford IDS are two different scanners.
The GM MDI can’t work with Ford IDS

Reply 2: Possible but not easy…Requires editing of the Dynamic link library files and more.

i have had MDI Working with it for a long time for personal use
Since version 97.xxx it is easier than say 96.01 because when they changed things to block clones in this version, they basically changed the file structure to that of an MDI.

Reply 3: My dilemma is deciding to get rid of my MDI clone that I purchased 1 year ago (I sold my GM car and bought a Ford so I don’t need it anymore) or try to use the MDI on a Ford vehicle. I don’t have the money to purchase a genuine VCM II and I don’t want to buy a clone either.
I just want to update a few things on my Ford since the warranty is over.
I need to update the GPS module and activate the digital speedo. Looks like I’ll just leave it alone before I screw things up.

Reply 4: I have the same mdi and try flash the sd card put it in recovery mode with ford manager and don’t work when I try back to gm the tool never responding again the hardware damage and leds turn on red beeping so I think you sell that mdi and then buy a vxdiag vcx nano for ford I have one and working

Reply 5: There must be a way to flash the FPGA to a VCM. Once that’s done you can probably recovery the SD card.
The SD cards can also be copied using a tool called USB Image Tool so I’m sure you can recover your MDI.
I just don’t want to bother with it because I don’t know if it will work.
I might sell it and buy another clone. I haven’t decided yet. The MDI clone looks so much better than the VCM clone.

Reply 6: GM MDI and Ford VCM II are made by Bosch ETAS as well as Alliance VI+ or as many OEM tools now
But this one are a little bit different architecture.
So as we discussed many times and Nr. Vag Vag already confirmed in the forum you can use VCM II with Tech2Win and GDS2 but not fully
You can use VCM II with Nissan Consult III pus but also hot full
Well I didn’t checked GM MDI with Ford IDS but I’m very sure tgat you are waisting your time for the moment.
When IDS will cover J2534 tool then you maybe will be happy to us the GM MDI with IDS but for the moment forget about
I changed the SD card in VCM II clone because this one was defective ( so a fresh untouched sd card – just formated ) and I only put it in Recovery Mode and I fix it. But I’m not sure that you can do it the same with a GM MDI.
You can try it.Good luck

Reply 7: Well I suppose that you need an account/subscription
But if you know what exactly calibration you need you can download it from motorcraft.com
Good luck

Reply 8: Forscan as you can see it can works with a simple tool ELM327 or with a Passthru J2534 tool
Gm Mdi it is a J2534 tool that’s why is working
Ids is different.

Good luck

http://blog.obdii365.com/2018/03/12/gm-mdi-possible-work-with-ford-ids-software/

How to enable Foxwell NT510 with a Porsche logo on Home Screen

11 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #Foxwell NT510

Customer solution:

I picked up a Foxwell NT510 multi-system scanner in December,2017, I ordered the Porsche version (you can get one model). Their spec sheet says it works with my car year and model-Porsche 2002 911 Carerra.

I just got around to trying it last night, and it is pretty interesting, lots of good stuff in a small handheld unit.

One if the first things I wanted to do is resetting airbag lights - both of my cars have them on (one because I replaced the seats with the battery connected, and the other because it had racing seats in it before I put the stock seats back in).

The unit works fine, it reads codes, can track real time values, etc. But I can’t figure out how to see the airbag stuff, and I think I’ve looked at all of the menus.

When I google this, the YouTube video shows a guy whose NT510 has a Porsche logo on the home screen, in addition to the OBD II icon. Mine doesn’t have a Porsche (or any other manufacturer) icon, so I’m wondering if I have to install, configure, or download something to activate it.

I do have an email out to their support people. They replied very quickly and suggested me registering my unit. Users can register and then download/upgrade the software for a specific automaker. That was exactly what the issue was.

For posterity:

I needed to register with Foxwell, get an ID
Once I registered, I needed to login to their portal and register my NT510 using a serial number and password that is on the help screen in the device
I needed to install their desktop software
Remove the microsim from the side of the unit
Plug the microsim into the microsim/usb adapter (supplied)
Download the Porsche software (select Porsche and click download - the first car brand is free, subsequent car brands are an additional charge)
Hit the update button, it updates all of the software OBDII, Porsche, etc.
Eject the USB adapter
Put the microsim back into the side of the NT510 Foxwell
The Porsche icon is now on the home screen
The unit updated

I was able to read the airbag codes and reset the airbag light. Mission accomplished.

PS. This information isn't anywhere on the box, in the printed manual (that I can find).

http://www.obdii365.com/wholesale/brand-foxwell/

Digiprog 3 v4.94 change KM on Toyota Hilux and Isuzu D-MAX

8 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #digiprog 3

Digiprog III v4.94 odometer correction tool master new test feedback: change odometer on Toyota Hilux & Isuzu D-MAX successfully.

Picture guide attached below:

Digiprog3 v4.94 change KM on Toyota Hilux 93C66

Digirpog 3 v4.94 change mileage on Isuzu D-Max

http://www.obdii365.com/producttags/digiprog-3.html

SKP900 Server Down Cannot Add Token Soution

6 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #skp900

Problem:

I can no longer add tokens to my skp900 as they have locked the server. I tried to add tokens on a SkP900 key programmer , tried multiple connection and different laptop , it says Server no communication.

Heard there is a way to upgrade to V5.0 but you need at least one token left. I ran out of token there is also a way around but I cant find it anywhere. Is anyone aware of this and can help me get back my skp900 with tokens… Thanks.

Solution:

First of all, yes, SuperOBD SKP900 service is down and no more update/add token, so don’t expect they release a token free version V5.0.1.

If you fail to add token, the first step is update your SKP900 to latest version 5.0 (very important !!!).

Free download SKP900 v5.0 update software

Then, if your device still have more than 0 tokens, download the file V5.0 ALL and V5.0 Little file containing SKP900 Update tool v2.5 and UpdateNew.bin

https://mega.nz/#!GkMUiY7A!BQMME5I5OqlsV9zj1R7e6hIupQV-qgxt-DTX8IgQ36s

Use the V5.0 Little File in this zip to flash your device, then it will be token free. Note it has to be V5.0 version.

If your SKP900 reaches 0 tokens, download the file to release the SKP900 tokens limitation

https://mega.nz/#!Ct00WSxY!fxGyzLf8Wyw1PxE_m5GAZLTvFfgwmHleJwey7IWoiFM

FAQ:

Q:How to see how many token do I’ve?

A: Down to about 8 or so, you will get notification.

Q: I try to update skp900 to 5.0 but it failed me and it had ‘white screen ‘ show no connection again , any solution?

A: Keep updating until upgrade success completely.

http://blog.obdii365.com/2018/03/06/skp900-server-download-cannot-add-token-solution/

Xprog V5.60 Device Verify Error 0000001DH-FFH Solution

5 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #xprog

Problem:

I try to read BMW EWS3 immo eeprom data with xprog v5.60 box programmer, but it failed me and gave me error "Device 0000001DH-FFH. Buffer 0000001DH- FDH, verify error?"

Here are some pictures attached:

Solution:

You didn't make good connection. You should connect the yellow adapter pointed arrow below to the ews3 box main board as well

latest xprog v5.74

How to use Foxwell BT100 to test car battery

1 Mars 2018 , Rédigé par JTAC Publié dans #Foxwell BT100

The latest Foxwell BT100 12 Volt Battery Analyzer is delicately developed to test 12V regular flooded, AGM flat plate, AGM spiral and gel batteries as a low cost solution. It provides a quick, easy and affordable solution for technicians to check battery health and faults.

How to use Foxwell BT100 Battery Tester?

1. Press the ENTER button to start the test. BAT. LOCATION Menu will display.

2. Scroll with the UP or DOWN button to highlight OUT OF VEHICLE or IN VEHICLE from BATTERY LOCATION menu and pressENTER to select the battery location.

3. Scroll with the UP or DOWN button to select the battery type from BATTERY TYPE menu and press ENTER to confirm.

4. Scroll with the UP or DOWN button to select the battery standard from BATTERY STANDARD menu and press ENTER to confirm. Not all rating systems are available for each application.